It was
another chilly, but pleasant, sunny morning.
It was nineteen degrees at sunrise.
At 8 a.m., Brigham Young notified the camp to prepare to leave the Sugar
Creek Camp by noon. A meeting of the
brethren in the camp opened at 10 a.m. Brigham Young was not feeling well, so
he sent Heber C. Kimball to speak to them.
Elder Kimball expressed President Young's desire to move to a new
location. They were too close to Nauvoo
and many brethren continued to return to the city. They were neglecting their families and teams, worrying about
their property back in the city, and going to see their grandmother or
grandfather.
Elder Kimball continued
by prophesying that the Kingdom of God would be established. He encouraged the brethren to go forward,
that the grass would start growing soon.
“If Nauvoo has been the most holy place it will be the most wicked
place.” He called for all to do what
President Young asked. He warned them
about the plagues that fell on Zion's Camp.
At about 1 p.m., the
camp began to move and by 4 p.m., nearly 500 wagons were rolling forward,
traveling to the northwest for about five miles. It was a beautiful, warm day, and the wagons rolled through the
slush and mud. Many people came from
Nauvoo to say good-bye again to their family and friends. Some camp members stayed behind at the Sugar
Creek Camp because they were not ready or they were sick. For instance, Allen Stout stayed because he
had “sore eyes” and could not see. The
Camp of Israel traveled on the ridge in between Sugar Creek and the Des Moines
River.
Brigham Young's
carriage did not arrive from Nauvoo until about 4 p.m., which caused him to
delay his start. He arrived into the
new camp at sunset. The main camp was
situated on low ground among the trees.
As he was coming down a hill into the camp, President Young's carriage
almost tipped over. When Parley P.
Pratt was coming down another part of this hill, his “neck yoke” broke, causing
horses and wagons to plunge down the hill among the tents, women and
children. Thankfully, no one was
injured.
The men went to work,
set up camp, scraped away the three or four inches of snow on the ground, and
put up the tents. They built large
fires in front of the tents to keep their families warm.
The pioneers who had
preceded them to this camp a day earlier, had spent the day splitting 3,000
rails and husking 150 shocks of corn for local Iowan settlers in exchange for
corn and hay for the animals. Eliza R.
Snow, who came with this group the day before, watched the hundreds of wagons
come into the camp. As they rolled into
camp, she composed another poem:
Lo! a mighty num'rous
host of people
Tented on the western
shore
Of noble Mississippi
They for weeks were
crossing o'er.
At the last day's
dawn of winter,
Bound with frost
& wrapt in snow,
Hark! the sound is
onward, onward!
Camp of Israel! rise
& go.
All at once is life
in motion‑‑
Trunks and beds &
baggage fly;
Oxen yok'd &
horses harness'd‑‑
Tents roll'd up, are
passing by.
Soon the carriage
wheels are rolling‑‑
Onward to a woodland
dell,
Where at sunset all
are quarter'd‑‑
Camp of Israel! all is well.
Thickly round, the tents
are cluster'd
Neighb'ring smokes
together blend‑‑
Supper serv'd‑‑the
hymns are chanted‑‑
And the evening
pray'rs ascend.
Last of all the
guards are station'd‑‑
Heav'ns! must guards
be serving here?
Who would harm the
houseless exiles?
Camp of Israel! never
fear.
Where is freedom?
where is justice?
Both have from this
nation fled;
And the blood of
martyr'd prophets
Must be answer'd on
its head!
Therefore to your
tents, O Jacob!
Like our father
Abra'm dwell‑‑
God will execute his
purpose‑‑
Camp of Israel! All
is well.
After the tents were
pitched, Brigham Young invited the Saints to dance to the tunes of Captain
Pitt's brass band. About fifty couples
joined in the festive event. Some curious,
local Iowan settlers gathered around to watch and listen. The members of the band were most likely:
William Pitt, William Clayton, Stephen Hales, William Cahoon, Robert Burton,
James Smithies, Daniel Cahoon, Andrew Cahoon, Charles Hales, Martin Peck, J.T.
Hutchinson, James Standing, William Huntington, Charles Smith, Charles Robbins
and John Kay.
At 8 p.m., Parley P.
Pratt, Heber C. Kimball, and Willard Richards met with Brigham Young in his
tent to make plans for the week. They
decided to move the camp again in the morning toward Farmington, where Bishop
Miller's group was working. Orson Pratt
met with two men from Iowa who were interested in buying his property in Nauvoo
for the low sum of about three hundred dollars. The sky was clear in the evening. At midnight the temperature was twenty‑eight degrees.
Several
miles ahead, a Brother Smith's child died.
Brother Smith was in George Miller's company of pioneers. Charles C. Rich helped bury the child and
he, along with Bishop Miller, preached the funeral sermon. A number of settlers in the area attended
and were attentive to the speakers.
John
Taylor's wife, Elizabeth, gave birth to a daughter, Josephine Taylor.
“Henry Bigler
Autobiography”, typescript, 17-18; “Sarah Rich Autobiography,” typescript, 47;
“Eliza Lyman Autobiography,” 8-9; Beecher, The Personal Writings of Eliza R.
Snow, 115‑16; Leona Holbrook, BYU Studies, 16:1:125; Watson,
The Orson Pratt Journals; Nibley, Exodus to Greatness, 127‑29;
Brooks, The Diary of Hosea Stout; Watson, Manuscript History of
Brigham Young, 56‑8; Kimball, Heber C. Kimball ‑ Mormon
Patriarch and Pioneer, 130; Black, Membership of the Church 1830‑1848
At 7 a.m.,
the temperature was twenty-three degrees.
At 9 a.m. the teams started moving out of the camp. There was some confusion because some of the
companies had camped down in the valley
while the other part was up on the prairie.
The groups left their camp on different roads. Brigham Young took the lower group across Sugar Creek and Hosea
Stout took a group of 200 wagons on the ridges.
The camp traveled
about ten miles over “several tedious hills” through mud and water. Hosea Stout recorded:
We had a very bad road
all day and often at hills and difficult places to cross branches [of
streams]. I saw teams standing waiting
for those forward to pass over which were a mile long and often at hills teams
would stall and have to be rolled up by hand thus making it both laborious for
men who were on foot, and also slow for the teams to be thus detained for each
other. It was beautiful country.
At some point during
the day, the companies reached a summit of a hill where they were able to catch
a glimpse of the Nauvoo temple, far to east.
Lewis Barney wrote:
On reaching the summit
between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers the company made a halt for the
purpose of taking a last and peering look at the Nauvoo Temple, the spire of
which was then glittering in the bright shining sun. The last view of the
temple was witnessed in the midst of sighs and lamentations, all faces in gloom
and sorrow bathed in tears, at being forced from our homes and Temple that had
cost so much toil and suffering to complete its erection.
At 2 p.m., Hosea
Stout went ahead on horseback to try to find the “forward team.” He was concerned that he may have had the whole
wagon train heading down the wrong road, which would have been a disaster and a
great loss of time. He found a house,
asked directions, and found out they were heading the right way. He soon located the “forward team” of
Stephen Markham, Brothers Darby and Allen who were trying to purchase corn and
hay for the camp that night. A field
was located nearby which was a beautiful piece of ground in timbered land. There was timber already cut and scattered
in piles almost as if they were prepared for the camp. The owner let the camp use the wood for
fires. The wagons arrived and formed
the camp which was on the west side of Lick Creek1
about a half mile from its junction with the Des Moines. The waters of the rivers were very
clear. “The country was timber land and
quite broken, with high bluffs rising loftily over low valleys, and but little
cultivated.” The people who lived
nearby were friendly and gave members of the camp straw for their cattle.
At some point during
the day, there was a problem with teams using two converging roads. This caused some separation of teams and
collisions, resulting in damage to some wagons. The artillery company broke several of the William Clayton
company wagon boxes.
Heber C. Kimball and
Newel K. Whitney had to stay behind in the morning to mend a wagon. This delay caused them to end up camping
three miles behind the main camp.
Samuel Bent and a few others stayed behind to finish up the work that
they were hired to do.
Orson Pratt traveled
on horseback to Farmington, where he looked at the items which were being
offered in exchange for his Nauvoo property.
He did not reach a firm agreement with the men. He headed back to meet the camp, but they
did not take the route across the prairie which he had expected them to
take. After some time searching, he
finally found the camp. Each night
Elder Pratt would calculate the latitude of the camp by using the stars. The band played in the evening.
Warren
Foote was mourning the continued sickness of his mother who had been recently
baptized. He wrote:
I felt very much cast
down in my mind. I felt that I had done
all I could for her in my circumstances, and still I had a desire to know if
there was anything more that I could do.
I was impressed to go and pour forth my soul to my Father in Heaven in
secret. I did so, and through the
inspiration of His Holy Spirit it was made known to me, that I had done all
that was required of me for her; and that she would be taken from me, and that
she should rest with Father, and should come forth with him in the morning of
the first resurrection, and receive an exaltation with him in the Celestial
Kingdom of our God. Therefore though I
mourn my bereavement of her for a season, yet I rejoice in the promises of the
Lord.
Thomas
Bullock was out of employment. He had
been working for Willard Richards in the Historian's Office, but Elder Richards
was no longer in Nauvoo. Brother
Bullock went to the temple office and showed them orders from Elder Richards to
take Thomas Bullock into their temple office.
Almon W. Babbitt refused to hire him, saying that he only took orders
from Brigham Young. Brother Bullock
went away feeling hurt and disappointed.
A daughter, Isabella
Jane Forsyth, was born to Thomas and Isabella Forsyth.2
Watson, Manuscript
History of Brigham Young, 59‑60; Stanley Kimball, “The Iowa Trek of
1846"; Brooks, The Diary of Hosea Stout; The Orson Pratt
Journals; William Clayton’s Journal; “Warren Foote Autobiography,”
typescript, 76; Beecher, The Personal Writings of Eliza R. Snow, 116;
“Thomas Bullock Journal,” 55; Black, Membership
of the Church 1830‑1848; “William Huntington autobiography,”
typescript, 48; “Lewis Barney Autobiography,” typescript, 28
At 7 a.m.,
the temperature was twenty‑three degrees. The weather was very pleasant and warm all day. At about 9 a.m., the bugle was sounded
calling the camp together. Brigham
Young gave them some instructions. He
told the “pioneers” to go ahead and prepare the roads by cutting and trimming
trees and filling up the bad places in the roads. He instructed the guard to carry axes instead of guns, and to
help the teams. They should not order
the teamsters. Everyone should help
each other. He asked any man to quit
the camp who could not quit swearing.
President Young wanted to correct the traffic problems that were
encountered the previous day. He
instructed the men that the teams must not crowd each other. The ox teams must let the faster horse teams
pass. No teams should come within two
or more rods of each others. President
Young directed those designated as “pioneers” to leave first, followed by the
band, then the ox teams, and the remainder of the camp.
The camp soon started
to move up the north bank of the Des Moines River. Hosea Stout observed that the Des Moines was “a beautiful stream
with a rock bed but appeared very narrow after being so long accustomed to the
broad rolling Mississippi.” The road
was dry and level.
At 10:30 a.m.,
Brigham Young left the Lick Creek Camp along the same route and arrived in
Farmington at noon. He traded in the
town for thirty minutes. Hosea Stout
also went into town. “It is situated on
the river, the site is level and not very romantic but rather dull looking and
I should think sickly.” When Brother
Stout went into the store, there was a group of shady looking characters who
looked like they wanted to start a fight, but Brother Stout kept his two six‑shooters
and a large Bowie knife in plain sight, and they stepped aside when he came
near them.
The rest of the wagon
train soon passed through Farmington.
While traveling through town, one of Brother Roger's boys drove his team
accidentally over a hog and killed it.
The owner witnessed the event, did not seem to mind, and retrieved the
carcass. However, some of the rough
characters in town came forward, swearing, and demanded that the owner be paid
for the hog. Some of the brethren
agreed while others did not. Brother
Hunter, of the guard, came forward, ordered the teams to move on and decided
that payment did not need to be made for the hog. The Farmington men made remarks about Brother Hunter’s guns. Brother Hunter let them know that the guns
could be used if he was molested. Eliza
R. Snow wrote that the people of Farmington “manifested great curiosity and
more levity than sympathy for our houseless situation.”
From Farmington, the
wagon train continued up the north bank about three miles, where they reached
the next encampment. The roads for
these final three miles were bad and several wagons were broken and
damaged. The camp was about three
quarters of a mile north of the Des Moines River, on a ten-acre lot owned by
Dr. Jewett. This land had been cleared
of timber and fenced by George Miller, Charles C. Rich, and about thirty or
forty pioneers who had been there for about a week. The camp was situated on the bank of a small, clear creek. Because of the warm weather, the ground was
thawed, and was quite muddy, making it unpleasant for those who would need to
sleep on the ground. Orson Pratt
scraped together some leaves which helped to keep his family out of the
mud. Most of the camp arrived before dark. They had traveled about eight miles.
Hosea Stout arrived
at 2 p.m. and chose a nice spot for the guard to camp. But he soon found out that the place he
chose would be occupied by President Young and others. Brother Stout believed that he should step
aside for his priesthood leader, so he selected a nice new spot in a wooded
area with sugar maple trees. He was
then informed that the owner of the land did not want anyone camping in the
woods. Brother Stout decided that they
would go ahead and work things out with the owner if needed, because all the
best ground within the field was already taken. After they had set up camp, the owner came and was satisfied with
what he saw. He just asked them not to
use any green wood or wood that could be made into saw logs.
The evening sky was
clear and beautiful. The band played in
camp. As Eliza R. Snow was eating her
supper while seated in her buggy, she was surprised to see Sister Elizabeth Ann
Whitney who came to visit. Sister Snow
was delighted to hear that the Whitneys had arrived into camp and were tented
nearby.
George Miller brought
Dr. Jewett to meet Brigham Young. Dr.
Jewett related a long history of experimentation with “animal magnetism”
(hypnotism), claiming that it had nearly cured him of infidelity. Dr. Jewett asked what the Mormons thought of
the principle. Brigham Young made it
clear that they believed in the “Lord's magnetism.” The Lord had “magnetized” Daniel so that he could interpret the
hand writing on the wall.3
Corn was brought into
the camp, including one hundred and seventy-two bushels of tithing corn, and
corn received for payment for the work completed by George Miller and the other
pioneers.
Former
apostle, now Strangite, John E. Page preached in the temple on the west stand
at 1 p.m. He spoke against the Twelve
and claimed that James J. Strang was the true successor of Joseph Smith. Jehiel Savage also spoke in support of
Strang. Elder Orson Hyde then spoke,
and according to Thomas Bullock, “knocked every one of their arguments in the
head and ordered Savage to go to Voree [Wisconsin] and tell them [followers of
Strang] they would be damned. . . .”
Elder Pratt also spoke words of reprovement toward Page. Page was then said to have stated “I will go
to hell sooner than take abuse, and the Devil shall have it to say 'here is a
man that is damned like a man.'” The meeting closed at 4:30 p.m.
Watson, Manuscript
History of Brigham Young, 61‑63; Stanley Kimball, “The Iowa Trek of
1846";Watson, The Orson Pratt Journals; Brooks, The Diary of
Hosea Stout; William Clayton’s Journal; Beecher, The Personal
Writings of Eliza R. Snow, 116‑17; “Thomas Bullock Journal,” 56
The
morning was warm and the day was beautiful.
The camp was awakened to the music of the Band which was “delightfully
sublime.” At 8:00 a.m., the temperature
was forty‑three degrees.
At 9 a.m., Brigham
Young called the brethren in the camp together and announced that they would
remain in the camp until the following day, when part of the camp would move
out. He wanted everyone to be busy
during the day repairing and greasing their wagons, shoeing their horses,
mending harnesses, getting ready for an early start the following day. Each team would be provided with two days of
corn.
At 10:30 a.m.,
Brigham Young met with members of the Twelve, the bishops, and a few of the
captains. It was agreed that a few of
the pioneers and George Miller would go on twelve miles, right away, to form
another camp. The remainder of the camp
would be numbered again and be divided into hundreds and fifties under the
direction of the Twelve. The first
hundred would start in the morning.
Two tons of hay was
purchased and brought into camp. George
Miller rolled on ahead with some pioneers, heading in a westerly direction,
crossing the Des Moines River at Bonaparte Mills.
At 12 p.m., Hosea Stout
called a meeting to discuss the need to have the guard work together and spoke
to them at length about the guard working their way to relieve the Church from
the expense of supporting them. They
should work when the camp was not traveling.
After the meeting, Charles Allen, a captain in the guard, held a meeting
with his men and declared that he would not work, would not take orders from
Hosea Stout, but that he would go by himself to President Young to receive
orders. Some joined in with him in these
feelings.
Brother Scott found
some work for the camp involving removing dirt from a coal bed, and splitting
two thousand rails. The payment for the
work would be in flour, pork and cash.
Fifty men started to work on the contract.
Many citizens of the surrounding
area walked into the camp, strolling down the makeshift streets of the
temporary city. Orson Pratt finished the negotiations with men in Farmington
who wanted to buy his Nauvoo property.
Some of the citizens
from Farmington came into camp and invited the band to go to their village for
a concert. The band left at about 3
p.m. on horseback, arriving in Farmington at about 4:30 p.m. They played at the hotel, then went to the
schoolhouse and played until dark. The
house was filled with men and women, including the town leaders. The band was fed supper in the hotel and
given five dollars. At 8 p.m., they
left the town and were given three cheers.
On the way, they were met by thirty of the guard, who had just started
out to find them. President Young had
felt uneasy about them returning without men to protect them. They returned to camp at 9 p.m.
In the evening, Eliza
R. Snow took a walk with Hannah Markham and they lost their way in the large
tent city. They stopped at Elder Amasa
Lyman's tent and after chatting with Eliza Partridge Lyman, Elder Lyman
escorted the ladies toward their camp.
The buggy which Sister Snow had been using as her sitting room and
dormitory was exchanged this day for a lumber wagon by Brother Markham.
Also in the evening,
Brother Stout reorganized the guard.
Because there were no longer enough men for four groups of fifty, he
wanted to reorganize with three groups of fifty. The reorganization was performed and supported by the guard. Right after this, Brother Stout was called
to go camp headquarters, instructed to divide the guard into four groups, and
to have one group ready to leave in the morning. Brother Stout went back to the guard and let them know that the
reorganization performed earlier was void.
John D.
Lee left Nauvoo, and started his return trip to the Camp of Israel. He had returned to the city to help free
some relatives who had been arrested.
With everything settled, he started his return journey. George Laub crossed the Mississippi River on
a flat boat with Brother Lee's teams and goods. The river was no longer frozen and crossings were again made by
boat. The Lee family camped for the
night about one mile from the Mississippi River.
The ship Brooklyn
crossed the equator about this time, heading south for Cape Horn. Samuel Brannan organized the ship into a
form of the United Order. They would be
in one body and share together the debts of the voyage. They were asked to agree to give three
years’ labor into a common fund. If
they left the covenant, the common property would remain with the elders. It was an imperfect agreement, and there was
some grumbling, but they all signed their names to the agreement.
Watson, Manuscript
History of Brigham Young, 63‑64; Brooks, The Diary of Hosea Stout;
Watson The Orson Pratt Journals; William Clayton’s Journal;
Beecher, The Personal Writings of Eliza R. Snow, 117; “George Laub
Autobiography,” typescript, 38-39; Bailey, Sam Brannan and the California
Mormons
At 8:30
a.m., Brigham Young held a meeting with the brethren in the camp. He asked for three teams to pull the cannon
and called for volunteers to husk corn at the next camp. He announced that only the first company was
leaving on this day to prepare the next camp.
If there was a family without the means to continue, they must be
provided for. No one was to be left
behind who wished to continue. He
recommended that they should lighten their loads by eating certain food that
could be replaced. When they reached
the Missouri river, they would go to work and buy more flour and other
foods. After the meeting, several men
came forward and offered to pull the cannon.
A Colonel Swazy and his
family visited the camp and mentioned that the band's performance last evening
had created many good feelings among the citizens of Farmington.
At 10 a.m., Brigham
Young rolled out of the camp with the
first company. They traveled along the
banks of the Des Moines River for two miles and crossed just below Bonaparte
Mills. The water was about two feet
deep with a nice rocky bottom. Sister
Eliza Snow wrote about their day’s journey:
Sis[ter] M[arkham] and
I are nicely seated in an ox wagon, on a chest with a brass kettle and a soap
box for our foot stools, thankful that we are as well off. The day fine, we travelled 2 miles on the
bank of the river & cross’d at a little place called Bonaparte. I slung a tin cup on a string and drew some
water which was a very refreshing draught.
The company proceeded
up the west bank of the river for a short distance and passed through the
little town of Bonaparte. There was a
“splendid” mill on the river in this town.
A dam at the mill extended across the entire river and a lock was used
to pass boats up or down the river.
After Hosea Stout
passed through the town, he found the road full of wagons and teams standing
still. He knew that something was wrong
and went on ahead to check things out.
Not far up the river, the road took a branch and then went up a
hill. The teams at the bottom of the
hill were waiting because the hill was full of stalled wagons stuck in the
mud. On the sides of the road there
were thick woods which prevented the teams from going around bad spots. The wagons would frequently sink all the way
down to their axles. This two-mile
stretch was by far the worst road that the camp had experienced so far.4
Eliza Lyman called it “the most muddy road I ever saw.” As Father John Smith’s wagon was traveling
up this steep road, it tipped over injuring Sister Smith slightly.
Brigham Young arrived
at the top, on the prairie at about 1 p.m.
A load of corn was supposed to be there, as planned the day before. He
was disappointed to find nothing left there by the advance group. The horses had not been fed in the morning,
so they were turned loose on the prairie to eat the scarce dry grass. Men were sent back one mile to purchase a
load of corn. Hosea Stout found corn at
the home of an uncle of Charles C. Rich.
By 4 p.m., most of
the teams in the first company had come up to the prairie and the horses had
been fed. The camp traveled west on a
very good road for seven miles and started to make camp at about sunset on a
low piece of flat prairie land on the north bank of Indian Creek.5
The camp had traveled twelve miles on this day.
Brigham Young had
expected to see George Miller and his pioneers to help provide feed for their
exhausted teams. But there was no sign
of this company. Corn had to be
purchased with cash, enough to give each beast eight ears.
The ground was too
wet to pitch tents, so most of the camp stayed in their wagons. Despite the uncomfortable conditions, there was
no murmuring and all appeared to be happy.
Several horses were sick. One
thought to have distemper was removed from the camp. When Brigham Young arrived, he did not like the location that had
been chosen for him. He pitched his
tent on the bank of Indian Creek in the woods at about 10 p.m.
It was learned that
Newel K. Whitney broke an axle and was camping on the south bank of the Des
Moines River. Elders Heber C. Kimball,
Parley P. Pratt, John Taylor and John Smith were camping out on the prairie between
four and seven miles to the east. Their
teams could not travel further that day, after coming up the long, muddy
hill. This group did not have a fire
that night and had to have a cold supper.
Some neighbors gave them some straw for the animals. Orson Pratt learned that a wagon that was
carrying one of his loads broke an axle further back.
Late into the night,
George Miller and Henry G. Sherwood called on Brigham Young and told him their
company did not stop at this spot as planned because they could not find
work. They had continued on fourteen
miles further and found a place to camp near Brother Stewart's home. George Miller's company had been busy that
evening harvesting Brother Stewart's corn to help pay his debts and to bring
the rest of the corn to the camp.
The snow
was nearly all melted and the river almost open, free of ice. Warren Foote’s mother, Irene Lane Foote
died, at about 4 a.m. She had joined
the church on February 28. Brother
Foote mourned for his mother:
My feelings at this
moment who can describe. O how much
care she has taken of me, how many sleepless nights she has spent watching over
me through the many spells of severe sickness I have had, when nothing but a mother's
care could have saved my life, with the blessings of God. O how little I have repaid her for all this
care and anxiety, but if the Lord will spare my life, I will see that her work
in this probation is completed and united with Father through the sealing
power, no more to be parted forever.
A daughter, Melissa
Miner, was born to Albert and Tamma Durfee Miner.6
Elder
Addison Pratt experienced the great missionary joy of receiving a letter. He wrote: “This is a day long to be
remembered. We have received a letter
from Br. Woodruff dated November 1844.
This is the first letter from the Twelve. . . . Tho old as this letter
is, it contains news that is as refreshing to us as cooling waters to a thirsty
soul.”
Watson, Manuscript
History of Brigham Young, 64‑66; Stanley Kimball, “The Iowa Trek of
1846"; Watson, The Orson Pratt Journals; Brooks, The Diary of Hosea
Stout; Beecher, The Personal Writings of Eliza R. Snow, 117‑18;
“Thomas Bullock Journal,” 57; Kimball, Heber C. Kimball ‑ Mormon
Patriarch and Pioneer, 132; “Warren Foote Autobiography,” typescript,
76-77; Black, Membership of the Church 1830‑1848; “William
Huntington autobiography,” typescript, 48; Our Pioneer Heritage, 2:323;
Lyman, Amasa Mason Lyman, Pioneer, 148; Ellsworth, The Journals of
Addison Pratt, 273